origin of the rootstocks

Most of the rootstocks used in Europe descend from the following species:

• Vitis riparia:
  The River Bank Grape comes from the north east of the USA and the Canadian part around the great lakes and the Finger Lakes.
  Characteristics:
  - good resistance against phylloxera on the roots, but susceptible to the galls on the leaves.
  - good rooting ability
  - low lime tolerance
  - good frost resistance

• Vitis berlandieri:
  This native species which is also called Fall grape is originated from the southern part of the United states (Texas, New Mexico).
  Characteristics:
  - very good lime tolerance
  - good resistance against phylloxera on the roots
  - low rooting ability
  - good drought resistance

• Vitis rupestris:
  The origin of the rock grape are the central, southern states of the USA (Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma). Normally she makes only little bushes on a barren country
  Characteristics:
  - medium lime tolerance
  - good/very good resistance against phylloxera on the roots
  - early budding

• Vitis cinerea:
  This species is native to the southwest of the USA.
  Characteristics:
  - total resistance against phylloxera
  - low lime tolerance
  - low rooting ability
  - very vigorous